by

1. near in space; beside; at: stand by the wall
2. 1. in or during the time of: travel by night
   2. not later than: be back by ten o'clock
3. 1. via; through, along, or over: driving home by the dirt road
   2. past; beyond: to march by the reviewing stand
   3. to or within a distance of: missed the putt by a foot
4. toward: north by northwest
5. in behalf of: he did well by his friends
6. with respect to (a given category): a lawyer by profession
7. 1. through the means, work, or operations of: a trip by train, a pact reached by negotiation, made by craftsmen, poems (written) by Poe
   2. through the activity or effort of: used before gerunds: he won by practicing daily
8. produced with (the other parent): a son by my first husband
9. following in series: marching two by two
10. 1. with the authority or sanction of: by your leave
    2. according to; in a manner consistent with: playing by the rules
    3. in the name of: used in oaths: by all that's holy
    4. Informal in the opinion of: the plans are OK by me
11. 1. in the amount of, or to the extent or degree of: apples by the peck
    2. at the rate or pace of: growing dark by degrees
    3. and in another dimension: two feet by four feet
12. using (the given number) as multiplier or divisor

adverb

1. close at hand; near: stand by
2. away; aside: we have put money by
3. close in passing; past: the car sped by
4. ☆ at the place specified or understood: stop by on your way home

adjective, noun