franklin

A medieval English freeholder of nonnoble birth holding extensive property.

American singer known for her recordings of soul and gospel music. Her popular songs include “Respect” (1967) and “Chain of Fools” (1968).

American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

British explorer who led a search for the Northwest Passage (1845-1847) on which he and his 129-man crew perished. A record of the expedition's discovery of the passage was found in 1857.

American historian noted for his studies of African-American history, such as From Slavery to Freedom (1947).

British x-ray crystallographer whose studies of DNA provided crucial information that led to the discovery of its spiral structure by Francis Crick and James D. Watson.