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The brain is surrounded by special water called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF ).
This increase in CSF acidity causes hyperventilation which lowers the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.
In T1-weighted images, the internal surface of the skull is largely indistinguishable from the CSF, which is also dark.
The CSF is made in a part of the brain called the choroid plexus.
Accidental dural puncture is usually easily recognized by the immediate loss of CSF through the epidural needle.
