the science of drawing on maps and charts or otherwise representing the surface features of a region, including its relief and rivers, lakes, etc., and such man-made features as canals, bridges, roads, etc.
these surface features
topographic surveying
a study or description of a region, system, or part of the body showing specific relations of component parts as to shape, size, position, etc.: cerebral topography
any similar study of an entity, as the mind, the atom, a particular discipline, etc.