A consortium of European carriers, end users, and universities. In 1987, RACE sponsored project 1022 to demonstrate the feasibility of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM).The result of the RACE initiative was the R1022 ATM Technology Testbed (RATT). RACE project 2061, also known as EXPLOIT, is a more recent RACE project intended to prove the viability of integrated broadband communications (IBC) in the European Union (EU). The National Research and Education Network (NREN) was the first (1990) test-bed ATM network in the United States. Advanced Communications Technologies and Services (ACTS) was developed as the successor program to RACE, and continues that work on ATM networking and some 200 other projects. See also ATM.