In the Orthorrhapha, in the pupae of which the appendages of the perfect insect are usually visible, the pupa-case generally splits in a straight line down the back near the cephalic end; in front of this longitudinal cleft there may be a small transverse one, the two together forming a T-shaped fissure.
At the posterior end they communicate together by a T-shaped connexion in a simple and uniform way.
For the rest, the pastoral staff in the Oriental rites is T-shaped.
Iron was not known, but copper and tin ores were mined, and the metals combined into bronze of much the same alloy as in the Old World, of which hatchet blades and other instruments were made, though their use had not superseded that of obsidian and other sharp stone flakes for cutting, shaving, &c. Metals had passed into a currency for trading purposes, especially quills of gold-dust and T-shaped pieces of copper, while coco-beans furnished small change.
The clavicles rest on a large discoidal, rhomb o i d a 1, or T-shaped median bone, which clearly corresponds to the interclavicle of reptiles.
