•   Flooding: A form of cyberspace vandalism resulting in Denial of Service (DoS) to authorized users of a Website or a computer system

    •   Virus and worm production and release: A form of cyberspace vandalism causing corruption and possibly erasing of data

    •   Spoofing: The cyberspace appropriation of an authentic user’s identity by non-authentic users with the intent of causing fraud or attempted fraud, in some cases, and critical infrastructure breakdown, in other cases;

    •   Phreaking: A form of cyberspace theft and/or fraud involving the use of technology to make free telephone calls

        •   Infringing Intellectual Property (IP) rights and copyright: A form of cyberspace theft involving the copying of a target’s information or software without appropriate documentation or consent.

See Also: Critical Infrastructures; Cyberspace; Denial of Service (DoS); Infringing Intellectual Property (IP) Rights and Copyright; Phreaking; Spoofing; Virus; Worm.