Modifies a noun

• thickening: Vertical stretching and crustal thickening at Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Himalaya: a model for distributed continental deformation during mountain building.

• deformation: Results will define the age of the Scottish drainage divide and test models which predict divide migration in response to crustal deformation.

• displacement: This could have been via an axis shift, crustal displacement, or a change in the direction of rotation.

• thickness: The transition from axial valley to axial high occurs at a crustal thickness of ~8 km.

• evolution: These seldom visited bleak and desolate volcanic islands hold significant clues to crustal evolution.

• plate: Like a giant cracked egg shell the surface is made up of crustal plates which move very slowly.