suffix Female: lioness.
Usage Note: Many critics have argued that there are sexist connotations in the use of the suffix
-ess to indicate a female in words like
sculptress, waitress, stewardess, and
actress. The heart of the problem lies in the nonparallel use of terms to designate men and women. For example, the
-or ending on
sculptor seems neutral or unmarked. By comparison,
sculptress seems to be marked for gender, implying that the task of sculpting differs as performed by women and men or even that the task should typically be performed by a man. For occupational titles, the use of
-ess has been almost completely replaced by recently formed gender-neutral compounds such as
flight attendant and
letter carrier or by the
-er/-or forms. The Usage Panel finds use of the
-or suffix to refer to women perfectly acceptable. Ninety-five percent of Panelists approve of
sculptor in the sentence
The gallery is exhibiting work of sculptor Barbara Hepworth. Sculptress is far less accepted; sixty-five percent reject it in the sentence
Georgia O'Keeffe is not as well known as a sculptress as she is as a painter. • A few words ending in
-ess, such as
goddess and
giantess, have long been established in the literature of religion and mythology and are unlikely to be construed as sexist when used in these contexts. See Usage Notes at
man,
mistress.
